數控加工中各類(lèi)焊接技術(shù)分類(lèi)介紹

Introduction to Classification of Various Welding Technologies in CNC Machining

　　手弧焊

Hand arc welding

　　手弧焊是各種電弧焊方法中發(fā)展早、目前仍然應用廣的一種焊接方法。它是以外部涂有涂料的焊條作電極和填充金屬，電弧是在焊條的端部和被焊工件表面之間燃燒。涂料在電弧熱作用下一方面可以產(chǎn)生氣體以保護電弧，另一方面可以產(chǎn)生熔渣覆蓋在熔池表面，防止熔化金屬與周?chē)鷼怏w的相互作用。

Hand arc welding is the earliest developed and still the most widely used welding method among various arc welding methods. It uses a coated electrode as the electrode and filler metal, and the arc burns between the end of the electrode and the surface of the workpiece being welded. On the one hand, coatings can generate gas to protect the arc under the heat of the arc, and on the other hand, they can generate slag to cover the surface of the molten pool, preventing the interaction between the molten metal and the surrounding gas.

　　熔渣的更重要作用是與熔化金屬產(chǎn)生物理化學(xué)反應或添加合金元素，改善焊縫金屬能。手弧焊設備簡(jiǎn)單、輕便，操作靈活。可以應用于維修及裝配中的短縫的焊接，特別是可以用于難以達到的部位的焊接。手弧焊配用相應的焊條可適用于大多數工業(yè)用碳鋼、不銹鋼、鑄鐵、銅、鋁、鎳及其合金。

The more important role of slag is to react physically and chemically with the molten metal or add alloying elements to improve the performance of the weld metal. Hand arc welding equipment is simple, lightweight, and flexible to operate. It can be used for welding short seams in maintenance and assembly, especially for welding difficult to reach areas. Hand arc welding with corresponding welding rods can be applied to most industrial carbon steel, stainless steel, cast iron, copper, aluminum, nickel and their alloys.

　　埋弧焊

Submerged arc welding

　　埋弧焊是以顆粒狀焊劑為保護介質(zhì)，電弧掩藏在焊劑層下的一種熔化極電  焊接方法。埋弧焊的施焊過(guò)程由三個(gè)環(huán)節組成：1在焊件待焊接縫處均勻堆敷足夠的顆粒狀焊劑；2 導電嘴和焊件分別接通焊接電源兩級以產(chǎn)生焊接電弧；3 自動(dòng)送進(jìn)焊絲并移動(dòng)電弧實(shí)施焊接。

Submerged arc welding is a melting electrode welding method that uses granular flux as the protective medium and the arc is hidden under the flux layer. The welding process of submerged arc welding consists of three steps: 1. Evenly apply sufficient granular flux at the joint to be welded; Connect the two conductive nozzles and the welding components to the welding power supply at two levels to generate a welding arc; 3. Automatically feed welding wire and move the arc to perform welding.

　　鎢極氣體保護電弧焊

Tungsten gas shielded arc welding

　　這是一種不熔化極氣體保護電弧焊，是利用鎢極和工件之間的電弧使金屬熔化而形成焊縫的。焊接過(guò)程中鎢極不熔化，只起電極的作用。同時(shí)由焊炬的噴嘴送進(jìn)氬氣或氦氣作保護。還可根據需要另外添加金屬。在國際上通稱(chēng)為T(mén)IG焊(非熔化極惰性氣體保護電弧焊)。鎢極氣體保護電弧焊由于能很好地控制熱輸入，所以它是連接薄板金屬和打底焊的一種極好方法。這種方法幾乎可以用于所有金屬的連接，尤其適用于焊接鋁、鎂這些能形成難熔氧化物的金屬以及象鈦和鋯這些活潑金屬。這種焊接方法的焊縫質(zhì)量高，但與其它電弧焊相比，其焊接速度較慢。

This is a type of non melting gas shielded arc welding, which uses the arc between the tungsten electrode and the workpiece to melt the metal and form a weld. During the welding process, the tungsten electrode does not melt and only serves as an electrode. At the same time, argon or helium gas is fed into the nozzle of the welding torch for protection. Metal can also be added as needed. Internationally known as TIG welding (Non Inert Gas Arc Welding). Tungsten gas shielded arc welding is an excellent method for connecting thin sheet metal and backing welding due to its ability to effectively control heat input. This method can be used for almost all metal connections, especially for welding metals such as aluminum and magnesium that can form refractory oxides, as well as active metals like titanium and zirconium. This welding method has high weld quality, but its welding speed is slower compared to other arc welding methods.

　　熔化極氣體保護電弧焊

Melting gas shielded arc welding

　　熔化極氣體保護電弧焊屬于用電弧作為熱源的熔化焊方法，其電弧建立在連續送進(jìn)的焊絲與熔池之間熔化的焊絲金屬與母材金屬混合而成的熔池在電弧熱源移走后結晶形成焊縫并把分離的母材通過(guò)冶金方式連接起來(lái)。

Gas shielded arc welding is a fusion welding method that uses an arc as a heat source. The arc is established between the continuously fed welding wire and the molten pool, where the melted welding wire metal is mixed with the base metal to form a molten pool. After the arc heat source is removed, it crystallizes to form a weld and connects the separated base metal through metallurgical methods.

　　等離子弧焊

Plasma arc welding

　　助水冷噴嘴等措施，可以使電弧的弧柱區橫截面積減小，電弧的溫度、能量密度、等離子的流速都顯著(zhù)提高，這種用外部拘束使弧柱受到壓縮的電弧稱(chēng)為等離子弧。

Measures such as water cooling nozzles can reduce the cross-sectional area of the arc column, significantly increase the temperature, energy density, and plasma flow rate of the arc. This type of arc that compresses the arc column with external constraints is called a plasma arc.

　　等離子弧是電弧的一種特殊形式，是一種具有高能量密度的電弧，仍然是氣體導電現象。等離子弧焊接是利用等離子弧的熱量加熱＆熔化工件和母材實(shí)現焊接的方法。

Plasma arc is a special form of arc, which is a high energy density arc and still a gas conductive phenomenon. Plasma arc welding is a method of welding that utilizes the heat of a plasma arc to heat and melt the workpiece and base material.

　　分類(lèi)：穿孔型等離子弧焊和微束等離子弧焊。

Classification: Perforated plasma arc welding and micro beam plasma arc welding.

　　管狀焊絲電弧焊

Tubular wire arc welding

　　管狀焊絲電弧焊也是利用連續送進(jìn)的焊絲與工件之間燃燒的電弧為熱源來(lái)進(jìn)行焊接的，可以認為是熔化極氣體保護焊的一種類(lèi)型。所使用的焊絲是管狀焊絲，管內裝有各種組分的焊劑。焊接時(shí)，外加保護氣體，主要是二氧化碳。焊劑受熱分解或熔化，起著(zhù)造渣保護溶池、滲合金及穩弧等作用。管狀焊絲電弧焊除具有上述熔化極氣體保護電弧焊的優(yōu)點(diǎn)外，由于管內焊劑的作用，使之在冶金上更具優(yōu)點(diǎn)。管狀焊絲電弧焊可以應用于大多數黑色金屬各種接頭的焊接。管狀焊絲電弧焊在一些工業(yè)已得到廣泛應用。“管狀焊絲”即現在所說(shuō)的“藥芯焊絲”。

Tubular wire arc welding is also a type of gas shielded metal welding that uses the continuously fed welding wire and the burning arc between the workpiece as the heat source for welding. The welding wire used is a tubular welding wire, which contains various components of flux inside the tube. When welding, a protective gas, mainly carbon dioxide, is added. The flux undergoes thermal decomposition or melting, playing a role in slag formation, protecting the molten pool, alloying, and stabilizing the arc. In addition to the advantages of gas shielded arc welding mentioned above, tubular wire arc welding also has advantages in metallurgy due to the effect of the flux inside the pipe. Tubular wire arc welding can be applied to the welding of various joints of most ferrous metals. Tubular wire arc welding has been widely used in some advanced industrial countries. "Tubular welding wire" is now known as "flux cored welding wire".

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